Incoterms

Materials that rules اینکوترمز۲۰۲۰ clarifies, including:

risk: Incoterms specify when the shipment is transferred from the seller to the buyer.

Costs:Incoterms specifies who is responsible for paying which costs. For example, who pays for the insurance?.

Responsibilities of the parties: Incoterms 2020 stipulates that responsibilities such as applying for insurance and obtaining a license Export and import, transportation and logistics and… It is the responsibility of which of the parties to the transaction.

Import and export

Incoterms 2020 answers the issues related to the transportation of goods from the seller to the buyer. Issues including transporting goods, clearance of goods, Import and export of goods Who is responsible for the payment and who bears the risk of moving and transferring the goods at different stages of transportation?. Different terms Incoterms It is usually used when referring to geographical locations rather than titles related to displacement.

Do not forget that Incoterms is only part of the whole contract International trade is. These terms do not say anything about the amount paid or the payment method used in the transaction. In addition, Incoterms It does not deal with transfer of ownership of goods, breach of contract or product liability. All these things should be considered in the sales contract. Also, Incoterms cannot ignore formal and mandatory rules. Incoterms of property rights do not cover possible conditions of breach of contract. Also, they do not replace the formal contract between the two parties. all Incoterms terms Except for group C, they do not take responsibility for arranging insurance.

Foreign trade and mandatory standards

Different Incoterms terms are usually used to refer to geographic locations rather than movement-related titles! Incoterms is divided into four groups D-C-F-E with terms related to each group, which includes 11 main terms and a number of secondary terms that help buyers and sellers to express the terms of a contract more clearly. Therefore, the risk of misinterpretation of the terms of the contract is minimized..

Incoterms 2020 rules for all modes of transport included:

• Ex Works : EXW

Delivery of goods at the point of departure at the origin (workplace). In this method, the seller delivers the goods to the buyer at the place of production or warehouse, and all costs, including loading, transportation, insurance, customs, and the risk of product damage, are the responsibility of the buyer..

• Group F delivery of goods to the buyer without payment of freight at the origin

This group includes the terms by which the seller delivers the goods to the place designated by the buyer.

• Group C delivery of goods at the origin to the buyer with payment of freight

This group includes terms whereby the seller must pay the fare to the destination, but the risk of loss or damage and additional costs are borne by the buyer.. In this method, a kind of division of responsibility has been applied between the buyer and the seller.

• Group D delivery of goods at the destination

It includes terms whereby the seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the agreed point or place at the destination and the seller assumes all risks and costs..

GOODS INSPECTION

Industrial engineering company FhamhApproved inspection company National Iranian Standards Organization And Central Bank of Iran In terms of providing services GOODS INSPECTION At the origin of countries all over the world and the destination of all customs of the country.

Standard certificate ؛ goods clearance ؛ incoterms ؛ inspection

Oil and gas

Top drive, Is a hydraulic or electric motor, which is a separate device in Drilling rig Installed and drill the drill, thereby moving the drill. Upper -operative systems from year 2 to industry Drilling Entered and replaced by the multi -faceted pipe (Killy/ Kelly) became.

Oil goods, standard safety quality

Drilling systems equipped with The upper handler, Do Drilling operation They have made much faster by accelerating the process of lifting the equipment from the well and moving them to the mast level.. Of the different advantages of the upper leaders (Top drives) In drilling operations, can: Increase the power control of the wells Oil and gas, Preventing drilling pipes, reducing the opening time and closing the pipe, the full rotation of the upper pipes, accelerating drilling operations, and ultimately increasing drilling efficiency..

Technical Inspection of Oil, Gas, Petrochemical and Refinery Equipment

Increased progress and development Drilling science Especially more use of high efficiency and lower weight electric motors, advanced electronic and electronic circuits in mechanical processes, and the disadvantages of RT drilling method can be among the main reasons for the car entry and the upper stimulus package. (TD) Found to the drilling scene and scene. Drilling top drive (Drillstring) It is mounted on a drilling rig and at the right height. The performance mechanism in this package is entirely different from the RT drilling method so that it acts as a column drill with a stimulant motor at the top and applies to the drilling from the top and extends the rotational movement through a gearbox on the drilling strand.. While in RT the stimulus set was fixed and motion and torque were transferred to the drilling string through the rotary table, Bush Kelly and Kelly. This package has its own capabilities automatically using hydraulic force capable of closing and opening drills and tools, removing the drilling pipe from the special location, centering it with the axle and closing it.. Therefore, in these devices, in addition to largely eliminating the role of the operator in drilling, the drilling process is also reduced..

Inspection of goods, oil and gas industries

“Top drive” One of the key and important machinery in oil industry That is in addition to increasing the speed of drilling operations from view safety Also very important and preventing accidents while drilling such as Blast control The presence of gas holes in the drilling of wells Oil This product is used in the oil industry and is used to develop exploited oil fields, including land and offshore fields..

oil industry

Here's a look at the components of the Top Drive device, which includes this device:

• The driving force (Motor Drive)
• Rottery joint (Swivel)
• The inverted torque axis (Torque Tube)
• Tube carrier mechanism (Pipe Handler)
• How the pipe carriers function

Oil equipment

In the top of the driver's set of motors and gearboxes (Motor Drive) Been formed along with the rotating joint on the guide guide (Torque Tube) That has the role of guiding and maintaining the direction of the movement and tolerance of the opposite forces during drilling. To this set of Pipe Handler Pipe Tube Mechanism and Tools and Pipe (Torque Wrench) Added. The drilling mechanism is done in the top of the drive as follows:

Pipes Drilling To the extent required to be connected to each other (Usually 2 pipes) And in a special place (Mouse Hole) They are placed. Top drive by carrier (Pipe Handler) Removes the pipes from its location and moved to the top point of the rig. Drilling pipes are trapped under the drive by this system and connected to the drive by the pipe connecting mechanism.. After this step, the motor moved and the vertical force of drilling operations began until the top of the drive reaches the lowest point possible. At this point, the driving motor stops and the pipes inside the well are tightened by the source equipment on the opening of the well, then the end of the pipe is opened by the machine and the top of the drive begins the cycle again by removing the pipe.. In this section, the new drilling pipe is attached from the bottom to the drilling strand inside the well and then connected to the top drive at the top and as before..

Quality control in the equipment of the oil and gas industries

Some advantages of top drive include:

• Reduce drilling time
• Reversal
• safety
• Provide the type of drilling
• Controlling the connection and discharge of pipes
• Pump flowing faster
• Increase the depth of drilling
• Reduce costs

Also some of the disadvantages of the top drive included:

• On top drive. Since energy transfer routes (Electricity, hydraulics) They move along the rig..
• Due to the significant weight of the cables and drilling mud hoses, the forecast of strong and reliable supports in addition to increasing the cost will make drilling equipment heavier and ultimately mast..
• Due to the use of hydraulic systems in the top drive packages, sudden pressure drop in this system may impair and fix drilling pipes.. Also, the environment of TD devices is usually corrosive. This can reduce safety Become hydraulic valves.
• Since the use of hydraulic systems to remove, hold and close the pipes is a necessity for these packages, it will cause difficulty and disappearance of the drive function..
• Given that the new system drive is a new and current method, such as Rotary Table, the cost of initial investment is higher and maintenance sensitivity is also significant..

It is worth noting that the drive package can be divided according to the location of the installation and the propulsion system.

Possibly justification plan

Industrial engineering company Fhamh, RandIe 1 technical inspection And Economic Services In the oil, gas, petrochemical and refinery industry from Iran Trade Development Organization.

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Due to the strong dependence of the industry on knowledge and technology, knowing and choosing the right technology for each project is very vital and determines the fate of the investments made..

Unfortunately, the lack of technology policy at the level of companies and even at the macro level can cause that despite the spending of astronomical sums, the appropriate technology that fits the needs and economy of the project is not purchased, thus causing huge losses to the national economy, and most of the industries continue to suffer from technological backwardness and, as a result, are unable to compete with foreign products even in the domestic markets..

Market Studies

Conclusion of purchase contracts Technical knowledge And the license is very delicate and haste and negligence in signing them can expose Iranian companies to technological frauds.. In the assessment report of technology needs for developing countries by UNIDO (UNIDO or United Nations Industrial Development Organization، It is a specialized organization of the United Nations with its headquarters in Vienna. The main goal of this organization is to promote and accelerate industrial development in developing countries or economies in transition and the development of international industrial relations.) Prepared, underdeveloped countries are classified in three levels in terms of technological capabilities:

• National capabilities
• Partial capabilities
• Corporate capabilities

Therefore, it is only after identifying the capabilities at different levels that a rational policy can be adopted.

Investment advice

After identifying capabilities at different levels (The previous section) These capabilities can be classified into five levels:

1. Zero surface: Technical knowledge in a given branch at the previously mentioned levels(The first part) is at zero.
2. Level one (Cancelled): Although the existing technical knowledge is in use, it is considered obsolete in the global market, so it will require a lot of maintenance and repair costs..
3. Level two (non-competitive):knowledge Technical Although it is used in some industries of the world, it is far from the current technical knowledge and is non-competitive.
4. Level three(competitive): Although this technical knowledge is not considered the latest technology in the world, it is widely used in the global market and has competitive power. This technical knowledge has reached maturity due to its widespread use in the world's top industries and the elimination of defects.
5. Level four( vanguard):Advanced technical knowledge and technology or Hi-Tech is considered to be the last scientific achievement of the world, which is with few companies and the cost of obtaining them is high, at the same time, due to their immaturity, they also take many risks..

Feasibility

Based on the above criteria and based on the level of development and scientific and technical capabilities, two general policies to support technical knowledge are implemented in the countries of the world as follows.:

• Market driven technology policy (MSTP)
• National systems of innovation

Technology policy is considered one of the components that shape the industrial policy of a country, and its importance and sensitivity are enough that some experts; They have even considered technology policy as part of the dynamic part of industrial policy, next to the static part that deals with the formalities and regulations of market activity..

Technology choice

In line with the implementation of technology policy, there are three supporting approaches that must be formed based on those laws and regulations, which are::

Supporting special projects

In this approach, certain projects are selected and supporting regulations are established for their development.

Support for specific disciplines

In this approach, the scope of support is not specific projects, but certain branches of the industry, such as the software industry or Nano are chosen.

Comprehensive adaptive support

In this type of support, in a general and comprehensive way, the government supports all fields.

Explanatory plan

On this basis, it is necessary to pay attention to all these aspects in the process of providing technical knowledge and purchasing a bachelor's degree. Choosing the wrong technology for a project not only directly affects the project's costs, but without considering various aspects of this choice, such as the possibility of providing support services, repair and maintenance, and purchasing parts for a long-term period, it can jeopardize the economic justification of the entire project.. Therefore, in feasibility studies, this aspect of the project should be paid attention to with a detailed view and attention to the long-term horizon.

source: abcic.ir

Economic studies

Industrial engineering company Fhamh:

• Rank A. Bank of Credit & Investment Advisers The country in the field of feasibility studies and Supervise the implementation of plan and consumption of resources
• Has a certificate of level 1 qualification of consulting services in the specialty of economic services from Program and budget organization Country
• Member of the Association of Investment Consulting and Plan Monitoring Companies
• Member of the Iranian Management Advisory Association

Industrial Design

ارائه دهنده خدمات مطالعات EconomicalPreparation of explanatory plans, feasibility studies (Technical-Economic), Market Studies, Management Counseling, Investment Counseling, Project Management, Project Monitoring and Project Control, to All Economic Activists, Managers and Public Authority and Private Sector in Petroleum, Gas, Petrochemical, Automobile and Power Industries, Food and Beverage Industries, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries, Machinery and Machinery…At the country level.